Description
Lava Stone
Lava is rock in liquid form. Once magma reaches the Earth's surface or the seabed, it is called lava. Due to differences in magma composition, outflow rate, temperature, and chemical and mineralogical composition, there are several types of lava, each with its own behavior and characterized by a porous structure. Lava can have a destructive effect, but at the same time, it also has a creative effect. For instance, new land can be formed by lava; this is how the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean were formed. Furthermore, cooled lava—after several centuries of weathering—is very fertile and can therefore be used effectively as agricultural land. The word 'lava' originates from the Italian language and is likely derived from the Latin word labes, which refers to the sliding or gliding of lava. The word was first used in its current meaning by Francesco Serao, a professor of medicine at the University of Naples, when he described the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the period from May 14 to June 4, 1737. Serao believed that lava was a mixture of sand and earth that had been melted by the heat of the volcanic fire. He described “a stream of fiery lava” in comparison to the water and mud that flow down the volcano after heavy rain. Cooling viscous lava often accumulates in a volcanic shaft. Due to this blockage and the presence of gases in the lava, pressure builds up in the shaft. Eventually, an eruption occurs, producing large clouds of volcanic ash and gas, as well as pyroclastic flows. The most explosive eruptions are followed by a quieter period during which lava is expelled. If the lava is rich in silica, a slowly growing lava dome forms—a large, cushion-like structure full of cracks and fissures. The top and edges of a lava dome are usually covered with rock fragments, breccia, and ash. The hardened rock that forms from lava is called extrusive rock. The appearance and composition of different extrusive rocks vary greatly. If a lava flow of rhyolite cools rapidly, it can become obsidian. However, if it is filled with gas bubbles, it can also become pumice. If the same lava cools slowly, it becomes a light-colored solid rock simply called rhyolite.
Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand. In 2011, 94.6% of the country's 66.7 million inhabitants adhered to it. The most important branch of the country is Theravada Buddhism. Archaeological discoveries indicate that Buddhism may have been transmitted to Thailand from Myanmar around the 6th century CE. Buddhism may have been present in Thailand even earlier, at the earliest in 228 BCE, brought by Uttar Sthavira, one of the sons of the Indian king Asoka, an Indian ruler from the 3rd century BCE and a great promoter and protector of Buddhism. The most prevalent branch of the religion in Thailand between the 8th and 13th centuries was Hinayana Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism then spread under the influence of the then-kings of Thailand. This influence was primarily due to the contacts existing at that time with Ceylonese Buddhists. In 1851, Rama IV succeeded his deceased brother Rama III. Rama IV was a Buddhist monk when he ascended the throne, and during his reign, he reformed Buddhism in the country to the form it is still practiced in the early 21st century. He did this by promoting the Dhammayut school, which places great importance on the rules of the Vinaya. He was succeeded by Rama V, who was also an active advocate of Buddhism. For example, he commissioned the publication of a Pali Canon, which is considered one of the most important and complete of its kind in the early 21st century. A later reform placed the king in charge of the entire sangha in Thailand
